Effectiveness Of Cognitive Bibliotherapy On Adolescents...

Introduction Analysis: The study is trying to figure out the effectiveness of cognitive bibliotherapy on adolescents with mild and moderate depression. The article stated that the objective of the study was to explore the benefits of an already supported treatment approach cognitive therapy but with adolescents with depression. The study had three goals; one, to investigate the efficacy of cognitive bibliotherapy with adolescents whom have mild-moderate depression. The second was to explore the relation of 3 variables; compliance, participation, and comprehension to the outcomes. The third goal was to test cognitive theory of depression. The research question is relevant to social work but the article does not directly state the†¦show more content†¦The criteria that participants had to meet were described as â€Å"a score 10 or higher on the Child Depression Inventory† as well as â€Å"a score 10 or higher on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression†. The sample participants also ha d to have a guardian at home who was willing to participate in the assessment phases of the study. Exclusionary criteria for the study included reading level below 6th grade equivalence, psychotic or suicidal symptoms or participation in psychotherapy. None of the participants were receiving antidepressants. The article stated that only 22 participants completed the study. 3 participants discontinued during active treatment and 5 participants dropped out before commencing treatment. Further explanation of the reasoning behind the participants dropping out would be helpful to the article. The mean age of participants was 15 years and 11 months. The articles sample consisted of 8 boys and 14 girls. The article did not state weather participants identified with these genders. 15 of the participants were Caucasian, 6 were African American, and 2 were mixed raced. The article’s purpose was not to look at gender or ethnic differences, but to explore effects of cognitive biblothera py on adolescents with mild-moderate depression. But it is important to be aware of these variables

Concept Of An Internal Combustion Engine Engineering Essay Free Essays

string(208) " in altering the chemical energy into a thermic energy signifier which will consequences in high addition in temperature inside the burning chamber, this is shown by 2-3 on the P-V diagram figure 4 \[ 3 \] \." The chief map of an engine in all different types that they exist as is to alter the energy stored in fuel as chemical energy into a thermic energy which is a signifier where the engine can pull out and bring forth mechanical work end products from it. [ 1 ] Normally the engine is the device that makes all of this possible by leting the air/fuel mixture to travel through different sort of phases to make to the chief end which is pull outing mechanical work out of the chief energy supply which is normally chemical energy [ 1 ] . There are two different type of engines which are: internal burning engine, an external burning Engine, the chief difference between the two is where the Burning of fuel happens, in an external engine the burning of fuel/ air mixture happens outside the cylinder halls, while on the other manus the burning take topographic point inside the cylinder of the Piston in the internal burning engine [ 1 ] . We will write a custom essay sample on Concept Of An Internal Combustion Engine Engineering Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are different constituents that together organize an internal burning engine some of the of import 1s are: Cylinder form that contains Piston traveling up and down of it, Spark stopper to light the fuel/air mixture, Valves ( recess and fumes ) , Piston rings, Connecting rods, and Crankshafts ( Refer to calculate 1 to exemplify the Engine constituents ) [ 2 ] . Figure Engine parts The engine nomenclature can be summarised by four simple stairss: first measure being the recess valve gap and the Piston traveling down indoors a cylinder to allow as much air/fuel mixture into the cylinder as possible and so step two takes topographic point where the Piston moves back upwards to compact the mixture this is done merely when both valves are closed recess and exhaust valves is closed to halt any opportunity of mixture escaping, the 3rd phase is summarised by the ignition of the mixture to let go of thermic energy which causes the Piston to be driven down to pull out all the energy through Piston and linking rod. Once the energy is extracted the Piston hit the underside of the cylinder the fumes valve is unfastened to let to force the fuel outside of the cylinders so the rhythm can be so once more carried out [ 2 ] .this will be farther explained in subdivisions below.there are different sort of ways in which internal burning engines can be classified under such as: ba sed on thermodynamic rhythms, working rhythms, Fuel used in it, Method of ignition, Speeds, method of chilling, lubrication systems, application country and basic engine designs and many others [ 1 ] . However a focal point is drawn to two types of engines in this article which are: Diesel engine, Petroleum engine and chiefly a deeper research and focal point is done on the crude oil internal burning engine [ 1 ] . There is a quite difference between the two engines, in an Otto Engine ( crude oil engine ) , the first difference is being that the Otto engine suction phase suctions in both fuel and air together while Diesel engine suction in air merely and so shoot fuel in the air, hence more constituents are required in the Petroleum engines as a portion needed to blend the fuel and air before come ining the burning chamber which are normally carburetors and parts to light the mixture to let go of thermic energy out of it unlike in Diesel engine where self-ignite is carried out. Furthermore, they operate with different compaction ratios with crude oil holding less compaction ratios and many other differences are shown in the tabular array below [ 1 ] . Internal burning engine ( Spark ignition ) the four shot engine existed of all time since 1876 when Otto introduced his Figure Comparison between Spark ignition engine and Compression ignition engines thought at the universe exhibition in Paris and it was found that his thought of Otto engines is considered to be most economical at that clip, merely like any other engineering that exist and introduced to the market the Four shot engine has gone under different sort of accommodation to increase the efficiency and to better the functionality and adaptation for new sort of different application. However the construct still remains the same as the map of Otto engines is define by an Otto Cycle which consists of 4 Phases in each of these phases a critical timings and different factors affect the work, the chief thought was summarized before but now a farther account is given with respect of how an Spark ignition internal burning engine work [ 3 ] . As said earlier, Otto Engines are called four shot engines which mean each engine rhythm take four phases to finish, or in another words the Piston has to go four times inside the cylinder in order to bring forth any work [ 3 ] . First phase being the suction phase which is illustrated in figure 4, portion ( a ) this phase start by the recess valve unfastened to let air/fuel mixture to come in the cylinder when the Piston caput moves down to suck in air/fuel mixture, while in the same clip the fumes valve is closed to halt escaping gases, this phase halt when the Piston has travelled to the full to the underside and the Inlet valve shutting. This besides can be seen as the 0-1 phase on the P-V diagram in Figure 3 [ 3 ] . Second phase is explained as the compaction phase, where the chemical mixture is compressed and it is illustrated in figure 4, portion ( B ) . In this phase both valve is closed for the same ground earlier which is to halt mixture from get awaying while the Piston is compacting it during upward motion this can be seen in 1-2 in a P-V diagram figure 3, towards the terminal of this phase the tight mixture is so ignited to utilizing a flicker stopper which is normally found in the Centre of the cylinder, this ignition helps in altering the chemical energy into a thermic energy signifier which will consequences in high addition in temperature inside the burning chamber, this is shown by 2-3 on the P-V diagram figure 4 [ 3 ] . You read "Concept Of An Internal Combustion Engine Engineering Essay" in category "Essay examples" Phase 3 could be explained as the phase where enlargement is go oning which is illustrated in Figure 4 portion ( degree Celsius ) .the status is about the same as the compaction phase except the Piston is forced downwards as consequence of the combustion gases force per unit areas, hence power is produced during this phase and absorbed by the Piston. A noticeable bead in both temperature and force per unit area is go oning due to the enlargement go oning this is seen 3-4 in Figure 3 [ 3 ] . Stage four is the phase where gases are allowed to get away outside the cylinder this is shown in figure 4 portion ( vitamin D ) .In this phase the Exhaust valve is opened and this Piston moves once more up wards to coerce the staying gases outside the cylinder this is shown in 5-0 in the P-V diagram in Figure 3 [ 3 ] . This is where an engine finish one rhythm now the same rhythm is repeated merely with commixture of residuary gasses ( gases that did non get away during the exhaust phase ) [ 3 ] . Figure P-V diagram Figure Four-Stroke Engine phases The advantages of holding four shot engines over the 2 shot engines are many such as the four shot engines are much more fuel economic than the 2 stroke engines cause during 2 phases at that place is non adequate clip to fire all fuel, which once more leads to another advantage of being less polluted than 2 stroke engines as it tends to fire most of the mixture. Another advantage being that the four shot engine produces more torsion at low revolutions per minute when compared to the 2 shots engines this is once more related to the fuel combustion and the clip take to devour the energy over all. Furthermore comparing both engines in lastingness country, a immense advantage is found on the four shot engine than it is in the two shot engine, the ground being is that 2 shot engines are to run at truly revolutions to bring forth power and the more you revolute the more you wear your engine constituents [ 4 ] . Furthermore, when comparing both engine gasolene and Diesel there are certain points where the gasolene return advantage over Diesel while the other manner around in some other, when it comes to power and torsion it is a split determination between them none of them radiances, it is more like based on the application. When fuel economic system Diesel takes over in this field as the energy denseness in fuel is higher than this present in gasolene which means takes batch energy to bring forth the same power produced by a Diesel engine [ 5 ] . Another field to look at is cost when comparing both engines a gasolene is cheaper than a Diesel as Diesel engine required to work under high compaction ratios therefore everything comes with monetary value. Noise and quiver a gasolene engine takes over this field as it is much more quitter than a diesel engine and it agitate less and sometimes it is even difficult to state if a gasolene engine is running at low velocity [ 5 ] . Cold conditionss is another facet to compare both engine and the advantage of gasolene is by clear stat mi as the gasolene tends to hold flicker stoppers which helps in get the better ofing the cold conditions unlike Diesel engines where it self-ignite which means it may take clip before it can make so. Maintenance wise, the gasolene engines have advantage in short-run as there are several grounds doing Diesel to lose in this class such as big sum of oil nowadays in the engine fuel filters and so on [ 5 ] . Fuel cost, Diesel engines tend to hold it as advantage because Diesel is easy to polish from natural gasoline than gasolene which means it cost less than gasolene normally but nevertheless in some instances, Diesel may stop up with high monetary values as it is non a usual fuel to run vehicle in that specific part. Finally fuel handiness gasolene is more likely to be found all over states than the Diesels found as it is used more frequently when it comes to autos for obvious grounds such as comfort and safety and size [ 5 ] . Engine public presentation Engine public presentation is normally referred to as engine efficiency ( ? ) . There are different sorts of efficiency that outline the overall public presentation of an engine, such as [ 3 ] : Indicated thermic efficiency ( -Indicated thermic efficiency is fundamentally defined as how much energy in an indicated power ( A ; igrave ; P ) is ensuing per the injected fuel ( A ; igrave ; degree Fahrenheit ) [ 3 ] . Brake thermic efficiency ( -This is similar to the Indicated thermic efficiency except it defines the interruption power instead than the indicated power, so it is how much interruption power ( is ensuing due to fuel injected ( A ; igrave ; degree Fahrenheit ) [ 3 ] . Mechanical thermic efficiency ( -Mechanical efficiency is defined and found to be as sum of interruption power ( to the corresponding indicated power ( and may besides be found by as the sum of interruption thermic efficiency to a corresponding thermal indicated efficiency [ 3 ] . Volumetric efficiency ( – This efficiency normally found as how much volume flow rate of air is sucked in an engine over the rate of displaced volume [ 3 ] . Density is the denseness of air at the recess valve. This efficiency is consider to be an of import parametric quantity that defines and outlines the over all of four shot engines. As the overall engine external respiration is controlled by this efficiency [ 3 ] . Furthermore, the better status of air sucked in by engine will specify the power of the engine under the status of an engine will suck in every bit much air allowed indoors. The mean ideal volumetric efficiency found when using full accelerator in spark engines is between 80 % -85 % [ 3 ] . You want maximize the volumetric efficiency of an engine to increase the thermic efficiency of an engine which will increases the overall public presentation of an engine [ 3 ] . Relative efficiency ( – Relative efficiency is explained as the sum of thermic efficiency produced by an engine during a rhythm compared to an ideal rhythm. The value of the comparative efficiency is of import as it defines the advancement of an engine [ 3 ] . Mean Piston velocity ( ) -the average Piston velocity counts and play a immense function in specifying engine public presentation it is found to be as L is the shot of Piston N is the grouch shaft rotational velocity The average Piston velocity defines how much each phase of the four shot engines is efficient. However this parametric quantity comes with bounds as the gases resist fluxing into an engine or as the emphasis produced due to the clash of different traveling constituents [ 3 ] . Specific power end product ( – Specific power end product is found to be the sum of power produced to the corresponding Piston country, this can be used to specify how good is the Piston country used by the engine maker to bring forth power without taking cylinder size into consideration [ 3 ] . Specific Fuel ingestion ( sfc ) -The sum of fuel consumed by an engine is normally explained and defined by the specific fuel ingestion, which is found by spliting the fuel over clip by the power produced by the engine. The value of SFC tells how good is the engine executing [ 3 ] . Fuel/Air ( F/A ) ratio or air/fuel ratio ( A/F ) – this is another of import factor that consequence the overall public presentation of an engine, it is really of import to fit the right values of fuel and air. Looking at both footings normally the term fuel to air is used as the fuel is the factor altering with the velocity in four shot engine. There are three different sorts of mixtures that can ensue of different ratios ; the first mixture is referred to it as chemically right ( stoichiometric ) sum of air to make complete burning of all fuel, 2nd one is called Rich mixture where the ratio of fuel interior is higher to the corresponding air atoms, and eventually the thin mixture where the sum of fuel/air ratio is less than stoichiometric. Thin mixtures are considered to be the most efficient [ 3 ] . The chief point to make the end of high efficiency is to make full the cylinder of an engine with every bit much possible and so combust in an efficient manner. To command how much is the charge being drawn by a cylinder, a really of import constituent plays a great function in commanding that, Cam shafts, as an addition on the valve gap or being lifted will ensue in restricting the limitation on the charge at the consumption which will take to and increase on the sum drawn to inside of the cylinder [ 6 ] . This is reasonably simple and non a difficult undertaking to accomplish. However the consequence of imbrication is complicated, overlapping is defined as the period where the consumption valve and the fumes valve are unfastened at the same clip [ 6 ] . To explicate, when the fumes valve is unfastened during the exhaust phase, at the terminal of that phase the air being exhausted out could do to suck in more charges into the cylinder if the consumption valve is unfastened to a certain extent, this relates to good fumes scavenging ( the procedure of taking left combusted gases out of the cylinder and make fulling it with new mixture ) [ 6 ] . Second point to maximise the air at the recess, an consumption design should be near idle at relation with the camshafts. Different RPM required different smuggler times and diameters [ 6 ] . At low RPM, Long but little diameter smuggler are required which will ensue in making maximal intake speed, therefore will take to higher intake inactiveness. As the RPM increases the diameter smugglers tend to increase in size and acquire shorter. Besides an addition in the figure of intake valves and recess ports will take to an addition of charges inside of cylinder nevertheless this is tend to be limited to the design of the burning chamber [ 6 ] . Compaction ratios are considered to be a high precedence factor that enhances an engine public presentation, the higher the compaction ratio the more thermic efficiency. But merely like any other factor this comes with a restriction as the more compress a mixture, the more you move towards self-ignite ( as the enlargement of fuel/air mixture will ensue in high temperature which will take the fuel to light before the release of the flicker ) this is the nomenclature used to run diesel engines. Another ground of the restriction of ability to increase the compaction ratio is that it may explode if non self-ignite ( explode besides known as the engine knock, it is defined as the combustion of fuel at high temperatures due to high compaction ratios which will take to strike hard or sudden detonation inside of a burning engine ) . The ideal compaction ratios that normally a crude oil engine can manage are around 10.5:1 [ 6 ] . However, in existent life scenario engines are capable to losingss at every phase, so even as it is desired to hold 100 % efficiency, it is rather impossible to accomplish due to clash and other grounds such as transmittal and so on, the ideal flicker ignition engine will hold about 25 % -30 % maximal [ 2 ] . Internal burning engines fabricating and managing practical facets In general internal burning engines existed since long clip now and different sort of development and betterment where introduced to the engines in which some of them where successful and some of them where non. A batch of these developments where discarded as it did non turn out it is functionality. Most engines that exist today are merely improved versions of those in early ages, Engine Design count to be a major of import facet while fabricating an engine, as any mistake or misidentify in little inside informations can be the company a batch of money other than impacting the safety and the comfort of a rider. Engine design requires critical determinations that are non based on mathematical background instead situational [ 7 ] . A successful engine design sing weight, majority, finicky and dependability and lastingness will depend on how good is the original elaborate design. Major jobs during planing an engine and fabricating an engine occur such as Structural unity, which means offering a portion practical structural place that can manage a batch of the end point gas force per unit areas, thermic enlargements and vibrational forces without adding excess cost and weight or size in the engine, it is a really hard undertaking to accomplish and yet the most of import factor to see while looking at designing/manufacturing of an engine [ 7 ] . Choosing the right stuff in which each portion of the engine is manufactured from is another critical measure to be taken attention of ; as the status inside of an engine differs some of portion should defy high force per unit areas while other should stand high temperatures. Besides the ability of these stuffs to defy different sort of day-to-day conditions such as wear, corrosions and so on based on the location of each portion, In general the stuff used to fabricate parts of engines are about standardised nevertheless the sum of complexs inside the stuff is still a variable to look at in order to accomplish good consequences [ 7 ] . Packaging and put ining engine inside of vehicle requires a deep idea to insulating the engine from the vehicle construction to cut down all the quiver cause by the inertial minute of engine which if transmitted will take to noises and unwanted uncomfortable drive. Engine saddle horses are at that place to function and assist in work outing this job, their chief map is to back up the engine weight inside a auto goon and to halt transmittal of the vibrational voices which limits the above conditions and increases comfort of the drive. Choosing the right saddle horse for the engine to settle on is really of import as if the saddle horse chosen is non suited it may take to clefts and interrupting down of the engine pipes and fumes pipes which will do a batch of money to replace [ 8 ] . The factors above were considered while doing and planing an engine and so put ining. Another facet to look at is the care of engines after installing and how it affects the overall public presentation of an engine and the life clip of that peculiar engine. Furthermore since engines are running normally at really high temperatures, and most of the energy released is heat, a chilling system is required to be installed to forestall engine off of overheating, furthermore chilling systems have another of import function which is to heat up the engine at really fast rate yet maintain it on coveted temperature, cause engine running at cold conditions will increase the wear of it constituents and the rate of bring forthing pollutant gases, another ground to keep engines at changeless coveted temperature is that to hold the burning chamber hot plenty to accomplish complete burn of the fuel and to keep the oil at low viscousness values which make it easy for the engines portion to travel. There are two different types of engine chilling which is either liquid or air chilling [ 9 ] . When it comes to utilize of auto, it is used on day-to-day footing so maintenance of different sort of auto parts is required ; engine care is one of those parts. Carburetors that mix fuel should be checked on regular footing to guarantee holding the right mixtures to fire, Oil altering is required every bit good on regular as it has of import function of lubricating the engine parts such as Piston and camshafts and linking rods and many others, oil systems are normally running in a cringle where the oil is collected eventually in a sump, the oil normally should be changed cause it accumulates soil and wont lubricate as much, do oil additives will finally turn less so it will non be as effectual [ 2 ] . Well to wheel Energy/ Emissions Well to wheel energy is defined as the energy spent from pull outing different fuels from the natural stuff up until the energy is used by the auto and released as emanations. There are two chief phrase should be understood, first one is the Well to Tank ( WIT ) which is the energy spent to acquire fuel from natural stuff extracted from to the fuel pumps and armored combat vehicles and ready to be distributed for autos, the other is called Tank to Wheel ( TIW ) which is defined as sum of energy released during pumping and combustion of fuel up until its consumed and used by the auto wheels as mechanical energy, ( WIT ) and ( TIW ) represent a life rhythm of fuel which is shown in figure ( 5 ) .The usual fluid found and used in the internal burning engines in automotive field such as gasolene and Diesel are extracted from rough oil [ 10 ] . Extraction of rough oil is normally by natural force per unit area of belowground armored combat vehicles, nevertheless some state of affairs it requires the gas force per unit area injected in to pull out the petroleum oil, following measure is to stabilise the rough oil before transporting it as it is normally come with gases ( normally either shipped as by merchandise or used to shoot back into the belowground armored combat vehicles ) . The status of pull outing rough oil and bring forthing it vary based on many factors such as part it is extracted from, Fieldss, even from one well to another. So accurate value of emanations and energy can non be stated, an appraisal of those values can be give as 3.3g emanations eq/MJ and 0.025 MJ/MJ, normally the petroleum oil available for usage in Europe states is shipped all the manner from Gulf states this explain the low energy spent as it tends to be at low scope in that part where petroleum oils extracted [ 10 ] . C: UsersGambitDesktopFu el cycle.JPG Figure Fuel Cycle Well To Wheel Crude oils so shipped to different states to be refined after it has been extracted and produced. Largely rough oil is transported utilizing the sea but this may alter based on the distance it has to go, another mean of transit of petroleum oil is the grapevine through different countries such as Russian country to the European eastern states [ 10 ] . Here once more the diverseness of transporting a fuel it makes it difficult to gauge the entire energy/emissions, but since it is already considered most fuel is from in-between east the values of energy is around 10MJ/MJ and 0.8 eq/MJ [ 10 ] . Now that the petroleum oil has been transported to European part it has to be refined before usage, so the survey of energy spent and emanations produced is based on surveies in the Europe refineries. Oil refinery fundamentally is to divide different constituents of the petroleum oil, acquire rid of the unwanted compounds such as sulfur, altering the heavy molecules presented to want light leaden molecules. Usually refineries spent an norm of 6 % of energy to bring forth and polish, oil refineries tends to make a batch of merchandises from one stock, so it is about impossible to divide and happen values of energy and co2 emanations of individual merchandise but instead the values of the refinery itself as whole. However a unsmooth appraisal can be achieved based on survey done on 3 different merchandises and different sort of restriction has been set before giving the consequences shown in graph ( 6 ) [ 10 ] . Figure Energy and Greenhouse Gases emanations in refineries Then fuel is transported to fuel station by different sort of mean such as route oiler, trains or even grapevines, to presume the entire energy and emanation produced, all of the above transit is been taken into consideration. A value of 20KJ and more than 1 gram combining weight per MJ is set to be the concluding station of fuel [ 10 ] . The standard NEDC [ New European Driving Cycle ] has been taken as mention for ciphering and gauging the TTW emanations and fuel ingestions. The usual route fuels are taking into consideration while gauging the value below in the graphs based on the NEDC ordinance and computations. Harmonizing to many surveies that the mix of different engineerings are introduced to run autos are turning so that is taken into consideration as good [ 11 ] . The NEDC WTW Energy and emanation equations are given below as [ 11 ] : WTW GHG ( g CO2eq/km ) = TTW GHG ( g CO2eq/km ) + TTW energy ( MJf/100 km ) /100 ten WTT GHG ( g CO2eq/ MJf ) [ 10 ] Entire WTW energy ( MJ/100 km ) = TTW energy ( MJf/100 km ) x ( 1 + WTT sum expended energy ( MJxt/MJf ) ) [ 10 ] The information in figure ( 7 ) and figure ( 8 ) represent the energy spent and used to travel the auto in a European rhythm for 1 kilometers without neglect to the beginning of the fuel [ 11 ] . Figure ( 6 ) illustrate the well to wheel energy spent by different type of vehicles such larboard injection flicker ignition ( PISI ) , direct injection flicker ignition ( DISI ) for both gasolene and Diesel over the old ages of 2002 boulder clay 2010 and so including different sort of intercrossed autos in the 2010s. We can observer a batch of betterment towards utilizing energy as the DICI and PICI engines are shuting the spread between them with respect to efficiency and fuel ingestion as the engineering is taking a good advantages of turbocharging and downsizing, every bit good as traveling towards intercrossed autos the energy consuming is improved by about 15 % in crude oil engines and 18 % in Diesel [ 11 ] . So the focal point towards constructing intercrossed autos and bettering bing 1s will assist in sufficiently in diminishing the energy consumed to run autos. [ 11 ] Figure WTW Energy Using NEDC Cycle 2002-2010 Figure 7 represents the Greenhouse Gases emitted WTW Numberss utilizing the NEDC route Cycle once more, and as said earlier the PICI and DICI are traveling towards bettering and the spread in between them is contracting and every bit good as they are acquiring closer to viing with diesel efficiency due to grounds Clearfield before, now as the efficiency of any engine addition means the fuel ingestion decreases which means less fuel to fire to acquire same energy, less fuel mean less emanations are produced. Hybrid autos debut and betterments is assisting a batch in cut downing the emanations because electrical constituents function otherwise and a burn of chemical energy is non required hence, there is no release of gases [ 11 ] . Figure WTW Greenhouse Gas emanations Using NEDC Cycle as mention How to cite Concept Of An Internal Combustion Engine Engineering Essay, Essay examples

Wolterstorff Reflections in Lament for a Son Solution

Questions: 1. How does Wolterstorff find joy after his loss? 2. What is the meaning and significance of death in light of the Christian narrative? 3. How does the hope of the resurrection play a role in comforting Wolterstorff? Answers: 1. Wolterstorffs finding joy after his loss Narrator has much reason to make grief for one of his son who died at the age of 25 climbing rock alone. However, death has made Eric, his one child among the three special for him invaluable memory he had coined from his twenty five years of life. Author found to honor his sons memory by remembering him for always and not forgetting to pass the grief from his own life. He believes his identity has become husband of a wife, father of two living children and one dead son too. He found joy in thinking that he will meet his son after his rebirth from bible where he will come and say Hello to him. He also found that god is also suffering due to his loss and make him happy to know that god and him, both are in grief both are on the same boat. The almighty sent his son to suffer to show us the eternity, which feels him a free passage to show his grievances. 2. The meaning and significance of death after in light of Christian narrative The meaning of death in Christianity is not mourning for someone. It provides the light of hope to the nearer about the staying soul of the dead with eternity staying with god. According to Mark, (1988), death is easier and important thing is to show comfort and love in front of death. There are many beliefs in Christianity about death heaven, hell and purgatory different for different believers. Though, almost all the doctrine speak of same thing in a same note resurrection. Death means not end of life except the bodily destroyed for a man. The soul remains untouched and it finds its way to the heaven or other destination. The direction of soul is predestined for every soul and it depends on the activities of that soul in earth. It is the gods son who promised to have an eternal life in gods house for those who believe in him and in gospel of forgiveness of sins and fullness of grace. 3. Role of resurrection of hope in comforting Wolterstorff Author gets the idea of resurrection from the gospel of bible where it is mentioned that Jesus came back from his tomb after three days of his crucification (Mark, 1988). The gospels stated the discovery of empty tomb of Jesus and rebirth of Gods son at the right side, rise from the death. Author hopes of reappearance of his son one day and hear Erics voice on his own year. Author stay put on his hope for rebirth of his son referring to Marks bible and god and wants to live long for the day of resurrection. The tragic accident of his son due to climbing the mountain makes him mourn as well as let him finds some comfort in the bible and forwards him to believe that he will talk to his son again and that great day will come sooner or later (Wolterstorff, 1987). Kubler-Ross model of grief This is the third stage of grief model of Kubler-Ross where emotional stage is described as bargaining. This stage produces the hope of avoiding the situation of grief where author found himself in gods hope for rebirth of his son a reform of the current situation. This bargaining stage comes into the author after accepting the death of his son, which is a trauma to him and also the stages of emotional expression just overlapped in his life where he wants to exchange his prolonged life for hearing his dead sons voice again (Van der Poel and Nel, 2011). The five stage model of Kubler-Ross is not assigned to be in the same order as it is doctrine. The stages may be in a different order as seen by (Smaldone and Uzzo, 2013). In this book, the narrators emotional stage starts with denying and depression at first. Then he took off his depression and accepted the fact of his sons death and buried him. He was able to accept the fact that his son has found eternity from death and he will stay with god from then. The stage of anger was hidden in these three stages as author was frustrated for his sons death only at the age of twenty five and his sons work will never be continued. The narrator also found it as an injustice finding that his future must bury him rather he was burying him. The stage of bargaining comes at the last where author found a light of hope of resurrection of his son from bible and make the incident more acceptable for him. Reference lists Donahue, John R. Mark, (1988). Harpers Bible Commentary. Ed. James L. Mays. San Francisco, CA: Harper and Row, Publishers, 983- 1009. Wolterstorff, Nicholas (1987). Lament for a Son. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. Smaldone, M. and Uzzo, R. (2013). The Kubler-Ross model, physician distress, and performance reporting. Nature Reviews Urology, 10(7), pp.425-428. Van der Poel, J. and Nel, P. (2011). Relevance of the Kbler-Ross model to the post-injury responses of competitive athletes. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 33(1).

Lisa Hannigan Passenger free essay sample

â€Å"Passenger† is Lisa Hannigans second album, following her award-winning 2008 debut, â€Å"Sea Sew.† Here she continues to establish herself as one of the most popular folk singer/songwriters of her generation, up there with Glen Hansard and Ray LaMontagne (featured on the album). At one time most would have recognized Hannigan as part of Damien Rices band. With this album she is carving her own path. â€Å"Passenger† is a collection of songs that for the most part are about journeys – metaphorical or literal, and all written on tour. Hannigan shows off her excellent lyrical ability as well as her vocal talent in each track, accompanied by a range of instruments. This album is well worth a listen. Track one, â€Å"Home,† could signify the start of a journey – literally speaking, a tour – but there is always more to Hannigans lyrics. It can be hard to decipher what the other meaning is, but its presence gives her songs depth and substance. We will write a custom essay sample on Lisa Hannigan: Passenger or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The next notable track, â€Å"Knots,† is a real foot-stomper. It shows off all of Hannigans vocal quality along with superb instrumentation, including violins, brass, double bass, snare and bass drums, and piano. â€Å"O Sleep,† a duet with Ray LaMontagne, is a beautifully soft track, and the two singers complement each other perfectly. They begin with just a slight guitar accompaniment, and during this almost lullaby-like song, more instruments are added but the tenderness of the track is never lost. Another song worth listening to is â€Å"Safe Travels.† The lyrics are particularly biting and include a series of warnings, as if Hannigan is afraid of something happening to a loved one. This great album is another fine example of the talent Ireland has to offer. Hannigan is starting to make a name for herself on an international scale and get the recognition she deserves.

Conjugating Apparaître (to Appear)

Conjugating Apparaà ®tre (to Appear) As you learn French, you quickly come to understand that the conjugating of verbs is a major part of the language. Its important to learn how to do this and verbs like  apparaà ®tre  are good practice for your studies. Meaning to appear,  apparaà ®tre  is an irregular verb so it can be a bit tricky. This lesson will show you how to conjugate it. Conjugating the French Verb  Apparaà ®tre There are times when conjugating French verbs is easy and times when its a little tougher.  Apparaà ®tre  falls into the latter category because it does not follow the patterns of regular verbs. Yet, there is a pattern here and it follows through with almost all other  French verbs ending  in  -aà ®tre.  This means that once you study  apparaà ®tre, you can move on to similar irregular verbs. When conjugating  apparaà ®tre, you will need to match the subject pronoun the I, you, we, etc. or in French,  j, tu, nous   with the tense needed for the sentence. This chart will help with that. For instance, to translate I appear, you will say japparais or for we will appear, you will use nous apparaà ®trons. Subject Present Future Imperfect j' apparais apparaà ®trai apparaissais tu apparais apparaà ®tras apparaissais il apparaà ®t apparaà ®tra apparaissait nous apparaissons apparaà ®trons apparaissions vous apparaissez apparaà ®trez apparaissiez ils apparaissent apparaà ®tront apparaissaient The Present Participle of  Apparaà ®tre   When you give  apparaà ®tre  an -ant  ending, you will be using the present participle. It can be used as a verb, but also an adjective, gerund, and noun when needed.  The  present participle  of  apparaà ®tre is  apparaissant.   The Past Tense of  Apparaà ®tre   You can use the imperfect to express having appeared in the past, but its more common (and easier) to use the  passà © composà ©. This allows you to use a single past participle for every subject, no matter if its I appeared or we appeared. The catch to this is that you have to conjugate and use the  auxiliary verb  for apparaà ®tre, which is  avoir.  The  past participle  of apparaà ®tre  is  apparu. To put these together, you will say jai  apparu for I appeared. More Conjugations of  Apparaà ®tre   Those are not the only conjugations associated with  apparaà ®tre. While you should be aware of them, the passà © simple and imperfect subjunctive are used in formal writing. The subjunctive and conditional forms of  apparaà ®tre  are a little more important. You will use the subjunctive when the verb mood implies uncertainty and the conditional when it may or may not be depending on conditions. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive j' apparaisse apparaà ®trais apparus apparusse tu apparaisses apparaà ®trais apparus apparusses il apparaisse apparaà ®trait apparut apparà »t nous apparaissions apparaà ®trions apparà »mes apparussions vous apparaissiez apparaà ®triez apparà »tes apparussiez ils apparaissent apparaà ®traient apparurent apparussent The final conjugation for  apparaà ®tre  is the imperative. This verb mood allows you to drop the subject pronoun and use only the verb form. It applies to the  tu, nous,  and  vous  uses, so instead of nous apparaissons, you can just say apparaissons. Imperative (tu) apparais (nous) apparaissons (vous) apparaissez The Pattern to Conjugating -aà ®tre  Verbs With one exception, all  French verbs  that end in  -aà ®tre  are conjugated the same way as  apparaà ®tre.  Compare the conjugations above to those for  disparaà ®tre  (to disappear) and  paraà ®tre  (to seem) and you will see the similarities. These same rules apply to the following verbs: comparaà ®tre  - to appear in courtconnaà ®tre  - to know, be familiar withmà ©connaà ®tre  - to be unaware ofreconnaà ®tre  -  to recognizereparaà ®tre  - to reappeartransparaà ®tre  - to show through The exception to the pattern is  naà ®tre, which means to be born. You will have to memorize that one on its own.

The Science of Magnetic Field Lines

The Science of Magnetic Field Lines A magnetic field surrounds any electric charge in motion. The magnetic field is continuous and invisible, but its strength and orientation may be represented by magnetic field lines. Ideally, magnetic field lines or magnetic flux lines show the strength and orientation of a magnetic field. The representation is useful because it gives people a way to view an invisible force and because mathematical laws of physics easily accommodate the number or density of field lines. Magnetic field lines are a visual representation of the invisible lines of force in a magnetic field.By convention, the lines trace the force from the north to south pole of a magnet.The distance between the lines indicates relative strength of the magnetic field. The closer the lines are, the stronger the magnetic field is.Iron filings and a compass may be used to trace the shape, strength, and direction of magnetic field lines. A magnetic field is a vector, which means it has magnitude and direction. If electric current flows in a straight line, the right hand rule shows the direction invisible magnetic field lines flow around a wire. If you imagine gripping the wire with your right hand with your thumb pointing in the direction of the current, the magnetic field travels in the direction of the fingers around the wire. But, what if you dont know the direction of current or simply want to visualize a magnetic field? How to See a Magnetic Field Like air, a magnetic field is invisible. You can view wind indirectly by throwing small bits of paper into the air. Similarly, placing bits of magnetic material in a magnetic field lets you trace its path. Easy methods include: Use a Compass A group of compasses can show the directions of magnetic field lines. Maciej Frolow / Getty Images Waving a single compass around a magnetic field shows the direction of the field lines. To actually map the magnetic field, placing many compasses indicates the direction of the magnetic field at any point. To draw magnetic field lines, connect the compass dots. The advantage of this method is that it shows the direction of magnetic field lines. The disadvantage is that it doesnt indicate magnetic field strength. Use Iron Filings or Magnetite Sand Iron is ferromagnetic. This means it aligns itself along magnetic field lines, forming tiny magnets with north and south poles. Tiny bits of iron, such as iron filings, align to form a detailed map of field lines because the north pole of one piece orients to repel the north pole of another piece and attract its south pole. But, you cant just sprinkle the filings onto a magnet because they are attracted to it and will stick to it rather than trace the magnetic field. To solve this problem, iron filings are sprinkled onto paper or plastic over a magnetic field. One technique used to disperse the filings is to sprinkle them onto the surface from a height of a few inches. More filings can be added to make the field lines more clear, but only up to a point. Alternatives to iron filings include steel BB pellets, tin-plated iron filings (which wont rust), small paper clips, staples, or magnetite sand. The advantage to using particles of iron, steel, or magnetite is that the particles form a detailed map of magnetic field lines. The map also gives a rough indication of magnetic field strength. Closely-spaced, dense lines occur where the field is strongest, while widely-separated, sparse lines show where it is weaker. The disadvantage of using iron filings is that theres no indication of magnetic field orientation. The easiest way to overcome this is to use a compass together with iron filings to map both orientation and direction. Try Magnetic Viewing Film Magnetic viewing film is a flexible plastic containing bubbles of fluid laced with tiny magnetic rods. The films appears darker or lighter depending on the orientation of the rods in a magnetic field. Magnetic viewing film works best mapping complex magnetic geometry, such as that produced by a flat refrigerator magnet. Natural Magnetic Field Lines The lines in the aurora follow Earths magnetic field lines. Oscar Bjarnason / Getty Images Magnetic field lines also appear in nature. During a total solar eclipse, the lines in the corona trace the Suns magnetic field. Back on Earth, the lines in an aurora indicate the path of the planets magnetic field. In both cases, the visible lines are glowing streams of charged particles. Magnetic Field Line Rules Using magnetic field lines to construct a map, some rules become apparent: Magnetic field lines never cross.Magnetic field lines are continuous. They form closed loops that continue all the way through a magnetic material.Magnetic field lines bunch together where the magnetic field is strongest. In other words, the density of field lines indicates magnetic field strength. If the field lines around a magnet are mapped, its strongest magnetic field is at either pole.Unless the magnetic field is mapped using a compass, the direction of the magnetic field may be unknown. By convention, direction is indicated by drawing arrowheads along magnetic field lines. In any magnetic field, the lines always flow from the north pole to the south pole. The names north and south are historical and may have no bearing on the geographical orientation of the magnetic field Source Newton, Henry Black and Harvey N. Davis (1913) Practical Physics, The MacMillan Co., USA.

Water Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Water - Essay Example My firm would therefore wish to bring this issue to your attention to get the attorney’s signature for quicker solution to the health risk faced by the big population of Manhattan. Besides, EPA has set enforceable regulation referred to as the maximum contamination level (MCL) which works closely with the MCLG to ensure that systems and equipment are put in place to detect and eliminate harmful agents using appropriate treatment technologies. However, considering that water contaminated with lead usually corrodes the pipes in the system, EPA has come up with an alternative treatment called the Lead and Copper rule which was embraced in 1991 where the system besides reducing lead levels, prevents corrosion too. Following recent research done by my firm in the Upper East Side for the past two months, it was discovered that most 93% of households have water supplier pipes that are highly corroded. Tests run on these plumbing pipes and water by certified laboratories confirmed the presence of lead and other chemical agents. This composition is of a higher health risk particularly to pregnant women and children(Troesken,2004) Such problems can be solved using the Lead and Copper rule where your town council can start a foundation and build up strategies to replace all the corroded plumbing pipes in every household. Furthermore, use of chrome-plated brass can be adopted in household that prefer cold to hot water. Finally, my firm is hopeful to work with your town council to see the lives of the people of Manhattan improved in terms of consumption of risk-free water .Please consider the strategies mentioned

Employees Resistance to Organizational Change Research Paper

Employees Resistance to Organizational Change - Research Paper Example of change studied in the paper are Lewin’s model, the Action Research Plan model and Kotter’s eight stages of organizational change.The paper will attempt to integrate the models with the concept of resistance and come up with meaningful conclusions. The above statement effectively summarises the context of this research interest, which deals with the concept of organizational change, with specific focus on employee resistance towards such a change in a given organization. A typical organization, according to research, goes through different forms of change, of which the most common are cost reduction, redundancies, culture change and performance improvement (Mullins 822; also see Brooks 98). The CIPD, Britain’s Chartered Institute of Personnel Development, in their own research, have given a more detailed set of circumstances which impose organizational change: challenges of growth; challenge of economic downturns and tougher trading conditions; changes in strategy; technological changes; competitive pressures including mergers and acquisitions; customer pressure; and government legislations (CIPD Change Management). Research suggests that previously, change was a planned phenomenon, and it was implemented on periodic bases by the organization as part of a strategic plan. In other words, an organization may strategically plan to implement changes every few years. But the volatile environments where modern businesses operate have changed the way this process is carried out, due to more rapid developments either inside or outside the organizations, which eventually force the organizations to implement changes (Hussey 9). Such developments have been referred to as ‘trigger events’, and Hussey argues that these events occur too fast for comfort in modern organizations (10). The author also explains that these events may be either opportunities or threats, and that the subsequent changes are the organizations’ way of reacting to these events, in order to

Marketing Techniques Are Used to Market Products Essay Example for Free

Marketing Techniques Are Used to Market Products Essay P1 describe how marketing techniques are used to market products in two organisations’ Marketing is the activity and process for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchange a product or service; which has values for the customers/clients. Overall it is an integrated process which builds customer relationship and creates an identity for their customers and themselves. However, marketing can be separated into submarkets – Business to Consumer marketing and Business to Business marketing. Business to Consumer Marketing: This is the process by which companies create a value for customers and build a strong customer relationship. Importance of creating a customer relationship is for the business to capture a return value from the customer; (e.g. Newsagent to Consumer). Business to Business Marketing: This is creating a value, solution, and relationship either for a short term or a long term with a business or a brand. This process generates a strategy that motivates sales techniques, business communication, and business developments; (e.g. Wholesalers to Newsagents). †¢A business with an aim is the goal the business wants to achieve (Long Term). Primary aim for all business organisations is to add value to the product or service they are providing and some businesses involve in making some profit. Some other aims include more strategic options like expansion, market leadership/increase in market share and brand building. †¢Business objective is more of step by step plan to take in order to achieve a stated aim (Short Term). To know the progress made by the business to achieve the objective, SMART plan used: Private Sector: Businesses in the private sector are owned by private individuals or groups. The main aims and objectives of a private sector business are to make profit and survive. Examples are: Ford, Nokia and Armani. Public Sector: Businesses in the public sector are owned or controlled by the government or regional authorities. Public sector businesses aims and objectives are not necessarily aiming to make a profit; most of their money comes from funds that are acquired through tax revenue. These types of business organisation for example are: NHS, Fire Services and State Schools. Voluntary Sectors: Businesses in the voluntary sector raise money to support particular cause or provide a service to those in need. Even though voluntary sector businesses do not aim to make a profit, they do aim to make a surplus after all costs have been covered. Another aim voluntary sector businesses may have is to increase service provision. Examples of this type of business are: Save The Children, Cancer Research UK, RSPCA. However, public and voluntary organisations have similar aims to the private sector; which is to run efficiently. The three sectors can plan their objectives by using SMART: Specific – making sure the objective is clear and readable. Measureable – for example, the data can be quantified. Achievable – if the objective is possible to be attained. Realistic – make sure the objective is real depending on the current stature of the business. Time Bound – making sure the objective can be achieved in an associated time period. Marketing strategies define objectives, plan and produce the way the business is going to satisfy customers in the chosen market. Using market strategy, businesses set marketing goals, define target markets and describes how the business should work to achieve the positioning to have an advantage over its competitors. The process used for marketing strategy has three steps, which are shown below: 1.Research and Planning During this period, the business/organisation first develops an understanding and gathers a clear picture of their target customers. As well as understanding the customers, the firm also analyse their market and competition. This gives them a view of what the markets are wanting and what the market needs and also they can follow the steps of the competitors. With this information they can then plan and start developing their market strategy. 2.Developing The Market Strategy This is the next step after collecting data from analysing the market and competition and also understanding the market’s needs and wants. Next steps are to refine the distribution; so what would be the best way to deliver the product or service to the target customer. The firm at this point identify their objectives and choose the right path to exploit any opportunities seen during the research stage. 3.Determining Actions and Controls Final stage is when you implement the strategy. So to implement the strategy; the organisation has to analyse the financial costs by creating a budget and evaluate the costs. After having this data calculated, the marketing strategy is then put into action and during the period of the activation of the strategy the firm will continue to evaluate the effectiveness of the strategy and either start planning for a new one or extend if there may be any faults in the recent strategy. Now looking at the two businesses given; Brodie’s Beer and Cadburys plc; they both are private sector businesses with Brodie’s Beer having aims to survive and maximising profit and Cadburys plc’s aims is to increase growth in market share and maximising profit. Cadburys Plc One of Cadburys’ products called Fuse was being developed and Cadburys had an objective set while working on their new product. Their objectives were: To grow the market for chocolate confectionary. To increase Cadburys’ share of the snacking sector. So when developing the product, the objective â€Å"increase Cadburys’ share of the snacking sector† was set to make sure that when Cadbury launched another product; it had a USP (Unique Selling Point. Fuse is a snacking and chocolate bar and was developed to bolster the position of Cadburys against the consumer trend towards snacking. Cadburys had a target market of ages from 16-34 when launching the fuse bar and had launched a ‘Fuseday’ campaign for the release of the chocolate/snacking bar Fuse. They had used Direct Marketing by having sponsorship from the Daily Mirror and Live TV and also Public Relation campaign involving national TV, radio and press coverage. The product Fuse; was the first national product launch from Cadburys in over 20 years and due to the high marketing commitment; over 40 million bars were delivered to trade in the first week of launch. Branding technique was used for all the marketing of the Fuse bar and the campaign called ‘Fuseday’ – it produces a positive image and presents an awareness of the product and company through advertising campaigns with a consistent theme. There are also other marketing techniques that are used for new or existing products in a new or existing market, these techniques are: growth strategies, survival strategy and relationship marketing. Brodie’s Beer Ltd Brodie’s Beer is a private limited company in the private sector. They brewer their own beers and also sell them. One of the beers they have is: Stillwater, Premium 45, 8.5% Belgian Malt Liquor. 50% Corn and Massive dry hops of Galaxy, Citra, Kohatu Brodie’s Beer market their products by launching an event which allows the public to examine and ponder round in the brewery looking and tasting the different types of beer – free samples. This is one sort of relationship marketing and giving away free samples is an attractive way to advertise their products and the business itself to the open public. This allows customers to have a ‘test drive’ of the products that the businesses want to promote. The long term of free samples is that the customers will remember this act and will start purchasing the products. Free samples also bring in new customers and new products into the market and this gives Brodie’s Beer the opportunity to gain new loyal customers – which is the benefit of relationship marketing. The only drawback to this is the financial investment. All the money spent in brewing the alcohol and then giving most of it as tasters is a drawback as the time and money spent can go to waste if those customers are not going to purchase any beer in the future. However giving away free samples is a win-win strategy for the business as well as the consumers.

Housing Problem :: essays research papers

Many economists argue that market solutions are more efficient than government agencies in providing services even when it comes to â€Å"merit goods†. In the discussion of housing problem, I would disagree with the economist’s view. Housing is a very complicate issue that I believe it will work the best by the cooperation of market and government agencies. The Canadian government has worked for many years on the housing issue, but does not seem to have any adequate solutions to solve the problem. The housing market, unlike other industry, has a dominant feature of inelastic short-run supply. This characteristic of the housing market has made a great obstacle in coping with the problem. In fact, we may look at other countries’ experiences and learn how to deal with the problem effectively. Canadian government’s housing policy is based on the idea that everyone is entitled to decent and affordable housing. Housing is a necessity and everyone needs a place t o live. It is for this reason that government set its goal to ensure everyone is living in housing of adequate quality at a price they can afford. However, the government has turned into wrong definition of decency and affordability. Firstly, decency is subjective according to different cultures. I think that the Canadian government is setting a very high value on living environment, and such a high standard may cause more difficulties in solving the problem. Secondly, Canadian government has continuously reduced its standard in defining affordability. It was consider affordable if housing cost no more than 20% of your income. Nevertheless, the standard has been reduced to no more than 40% until recently. Such dramatic change of the figure has made the goal become ambiguous. Practically, the government has tried many methods in dealing with the housing problem. Housing code enforcement is a method that tries to regulate minimal conditions for rental housing. However, this method doe s not seem to work because it brings additional costs to the tenant. On the other hand, the government tries to help people become homeowner by benefits in kind, such as imposing tax exemption on first home down payment and low interest rate on mortgages. However, the method does not really aim at helping the poor. Moreover, the government tries to increase the supply of housing by building new shelters and buying existing apartments. Yet, none of these work efficiently. The reason that building new shelters does not work is because most of these new housing projects are expensive and time consuming.

Using Celebrities in an Ad Campaign Is a Poor Way to Stimulate Brand Appeal

Using celebrities in an ad campaign is a poor way to stimulate brand appeal Using celebrities as brand ambassadors has become very popular and is one of the more common communication strategies employed by companies today in order to market their products. Marketers pay millions of dollars to celebrities in the hope that their star magic would make the product more appealing and successful. But all celebrities glitter is not gold. There are many reasons as to why using celebrities in an ad campaign can turn into an ugly affair, sometimes enhancing attitude change towards the product altogether. In this report, I will list the disadvantages of using celebrities in ads and the reasons behind why they are a poor way to stimulate brand appeal. 1) Price It is very expensive for companies to hire a celebrity as its brand ambassador. It is important for companies to note that when they do decide to take the brand ambassador route, they should be willing to shell out millions of dollars, and sometimes even lose it. Nike signed Tiger Woods on a 5 year $ 125 million contract, Reebok signed Venus Williams for $40 million and more recently, Pepsi teamed up with Shaquille O'Neal for a reported $25 million. For big companies such as Nike, Reebok and Pepsi, the financial implications of the deals involved would probably not affect them as much as smaller ones. With this in mind, it is also important to note that consumers today are becoming more advertising savvy. They read about the multi-million dollar deals as well. This leads to more consumers asking, â€Å"Are we buying the product, or the celebrity? † 2) ‘Vampire Effect’ A common marketing term, this refers to the point where the celebrity in question overshadows the brand itself. Marketers face this problem when they pick an extremely popular star, and the audience’s attention is drawn to the celebrity rather than the product. A very popular example of this scenario occurred when Cable Association used Dawn French. They soon had to abort their entire campaign when she got in the way of effect communication. 3) Credibility & Inconsistency One of the main reasons as to why using celebrities in an ad campaign is poor for brand appeal occurs when the personal credibility of the celebrity involved drops. This has occurred several times over the past couple of years. When Kate Moss, a well known model, was pictured snorting cocaine, three of her sponsors immediately pulled out. After all, imagine how a mother who has lost her daughter to drugs would relate to the brand. Another example was when Kobe Bryant, a leading basketball star, was accused of rape in 2003. His celebrity brand partners, Nutella and McDonald's, chose not to renew contracts with Bryant, even though he was subsequently acquitted of all charges. Many companies also resort to sports starts when choosing a celebrity. While the personal credibility of the sportsman remains intact, his performances in the arena may sometimes suffer lapses. A famous example of this occurred when Sachin Tendulkar, one of the best cricketers in the world, went through a prolonged lean patch. This lead to Pepsi dropping him as its celebrity face and they instead opted for a younger generation of cricketers instead. The credibility of the celebrity involved is vital because when the company decides to use one, they are not only buying a channel via which they intend to sell their product, but also an image. 4) Multi-Brand Endorsement At the end of the day, when a celebrity decides to endorse a product, it does not guarantee that they are actually using the product itself. More likely than not, they are endorsing the product purely for the monetary benefits, and this might sometimes lead to complications, especially when one celebrity appears in many ads in a short span of time. Take for example, MRF (tyre company), one of the early sponsors of Sachin Tendulkar. With its logo embezzled on his bat, the partnership between celebrity and brand was strong. Consumers could relate to the star, and in turn, the product. Today, however, Tendulkar endorses a mirage of products, and the novelty of the original partnership has died down significantly. Consumes are often left disillusioned and are sometimes forced to ask the question, â€Å"If the endorser can’t stick to one product, why should I? † . Celebrity overexposure can often undermine the authenticity of the message. Another form of multi-brand endorsement might occur when the celebrity endorses one brand but is publically seen using a competitor’s. For example, when Britney Spears was pictured drinking Coca-Cola (pictured left), while employed as the face of Pepsi. Or when David Beckham shaved his head soon after becoming the face of Brylcreem. Consumers notice this and often realize that celebrities need not have any relation to the product itself, and hence the entire essence of using celebrities in ads is questioned. 5) Marketing Mismatch When celebrities are used in ad campaigns, they display a certain special persona for the audience. The entire point is that they are able to influence the thought process of the consumer and create a positive perception of the brand. An approving nod from a famous actor or sportsman can directly lead to a 1000 more sales. With this in mind, it is paramount that companies use celebrities who they know can relate to and sell their product. Take a bad example, pictured right, of Ronaldhino (football legend), selling Konica Minolta printers. Not only did the picture lead to consumers questioning the connection between celebrity and brand, but also put the brand in bad light. In conclusion, while the use of celebrities can sometimes prove beneficial, especially to the profitability of a relatively unknown product, there are several points that need to be taken into consideration. Marketers, especially in today’s cluttered media environment, resort to celebrities if they lack an original idea, or want to take the ‘easy way out’. Consumers too are becoming aware of this and are starting to notice the fact that celebrities need not necessarily support their brands. Furthermore, celebrity endorsements cannot change the entire thinking process of the consumers, and as such, does not justify the high cost involved either. References Pictures: 1) http://hollywoodsnark. com/wp-content/uploads/2007/03/pepsi_girl_britney_spears_drinking_coke_2. jpg 2) http://rawstylus. wordpress. om/2008/02/12/596/ Text: 1) http://www. hollywoodreporter. com/hr/search/article_display. jsp? vnu_content_id=2030984 – Article on ‘Celebrity Branding- Making the brand’ 2) http://www. rediff. com/money/2003/dec/05guest. htm Article on ‘Is celebrity advertising effective’. 3) http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Celebrity_branding 4) http://www. b randrepublic. com/Industry/Entertainment/News/235197/When-celebrity-brand-partners-go-bad/ Article on – ‘When celebrity brand partners go bad’ lifestyle. in. msn. com/fashion/article. aspx? cp-documentid=1671484 ‘Celebrity endorsements enhances brand appeal’

Analytical essay of Raymond Carver’s “Cathedral” Essay

Blindness can manifest itself in many ways. Arguably the most detrimental form of this condition may be the figurative blindness of ones own situations and ignorance towards the feelings of others. In Raymond Carver’s short story â€Å"Cathedral,† the narrator’s emotional and psychological blindness is immediately apparent. The many issues faced by the narrator as well as the turn-around experienced at the culmination of the tale are the main ideas for the theme of this story; and these ideas aid the narrator in eventually succumbing to character transformation by simply regarding the literal blind man in a positive light. The narrators statement at the very beginning of the story explains his own lack of knowledge concerning physical blindness. His lack of knowledge relating to the visitors disability is undeniable, yet he makes it very clear that he is aware of this ignorance, stating that he wasnt enthusiastic about his visit. He was no one I knew. And his being blind bothered me. My idea of blindness came from the movies. In the movies, the blind moved slowly and never laughed. Sometimes they were led by seeing-eye dogs. A blind man in my house was not something I looked forward to.† (90) These statements sum up his entire attitude about Robert (the houseguest) and other blind people in general at the onset of the story, giving the narrator an instant feeling of exactly who the narrator and even what he may turn out to be. While there are many undertones concerning other things about which he is unaware, the specific topic of character awareness is the main thought of the storys plot, ultimat ely developing into a solid theme. The introduction of the story explains the relationship between narrators wife and the blind man, detailing how it evolved to its present status. It is here the reader may see other examples of the figurative blindness from which the narrator suffers because of his knowledge of the relationship between the two, which seem to stem from his own troubled relationship with his wife. His wife gives him an ultimatum for acceptance of the blind man, stating that if her husband loves her, he would do this for me. If you dont love me, okay. (92) Throughout the story the narrator exudes jealousy toward the relationship his wife and the blind man share. Insecurity gives way to a troubled relationship with his wife. The narrator revaluates his suspicious  ideas regarding the troubled relationship; and his ultimate personal transformation gives way to the foreshadowing of a profound epiphany surrounding the entire story. Drug and alcohol usage throughout the entire story significantly adds to another blindness of which the subject is oblivious. Once Robert arrives, he is immediately introduced to social drinking, especially when he is questioned for his choice of drink. The narrator quickly supports this inquiry by further explaining that he and his wife carry a little of everything. It’s one of our pastimes.† (94) From this point on in the plot, drug and alcohol usage is described. The final enlightenment experienced by the narrator is a direct result of the mindset brought upon by his marijuana usage. In fact, many of his described problems may be attributed to his drinking and drug use. The effects of these habits are shown very well as the narrator and Robert converse directly after smoking a marijuana cigarette: â€Å"I reached for my glass. But it was empty. I tried to remember what I could remember.† (98) This exact portion of the dialogue accurately describes that of someo ne who is under the influence of a foreign substance. Once presented, the negative effects of drug usage on the characters are obvious throughout the story. The story climaxes after the wife falls asleep and the two men are finally allowed to converse with each other. It is at this time when the narrator finally gets to see the attitude and thoughts of the blind man, leading directly to his own personal transformation. When Robert asks whether or not the narrator is religious, his ambiguous response â€Å"I guess I dont believe in it. In anything. Sometimes its hard. You know what I’m saying?† (99) leads the reader (and Robert, as well) to see that this man is in need of something which means more than physical blindness. The reader becomes aware that this blind man feels it necessary to help the narrator both mentally and emotionally, bringing justice and understanding to a man filled with petty ideals. Once Robert has fulfilled this deed, the narrator begins to understand that certain positions of his are, and always has been, wrong, leading to an ultimate revelation towards change. Many among society today have a minute understanding of what it is to truly see, that this initiative  is more than physical viewing and bases itself mainly on emotional understanding, for instance, figuratively seeing what is inside other people, what they feel and how they think. Conclusively, the final drawing of the Cathedral truly helps the reader understand the meaning of achievement through working together. The two men hold hands while drawing the Cathedral, which inevitably is the basis for the story being told. If not for this truly life-changing experience, this narrator would simply have continued on his close-minded lifestyle never learning about or accepting other people as they are. The last few sentences of this story paint a beautiful picture of someone coming to the realization that being blind is not an affliction that is limited solely to the body. A person can be blind to the feelings of others and the problems that can affect our everyday life, yet through interaction and tolerance an individual can find both themselves and an awareness for people around them. Work Cited Carver, Raymond. Cathedral Literature and its writers. 4th ed. Ed. Ann Charters and Samuel Charters. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins,2007. 91-113

Examples of the Verb Ride, Including Ride Past Tense

Examples of the Verb Ride, Including Ride Past Tense The verb ride means to sit on and control the movement of a means of transportation such as a bike, car, or a horse, as well as to be a passenger being conveyed in or on such a means of transportation. The verb is used in English to express how a person or thing is using that transportation, such as, I rode in a car or He rides a horse. Ride is an irregular verb because it does not take a regular conjugation pattern. For example, the verb want is a regular verb in English, where the present tense is simply the verb, itself, often preceded by a pronoun, such as I want, or an infinitive, such as to want. For a regular verb in the past tense, you would simply add ed, as in I wanted. By contrast, ride is an irregular verb because its conjugations do not follow the pattern of a regular-conjugation verb such as want. The verb takes the same conjugations as the irregular verb drive, for example, which conjugates with a pattern of drive-drove-driven, depending on the tense. The verb ride, then, is the same as a regular verb in English, taking the form ride in the present tense. But in the past tense, the root changes, with the i changing to o, to form the verb rode. The past participle is completely different, but more on that below. Key Takeaways: The Irregularity of Ride The verb ride does not follow a regular conjugation pattern.  Its conjugation pattern is the same as for the verb drive, which conjugates as drive-drove-driven, depending on the tense.In the present tense, the conjugation of ride is the same as for a regular verb taking the form ride.In the past tense, the root changes, with the i swapping out for o, to form the verb rode. The past participle is ridden, as in: He has ridden the bike. Conjugating the Verb Ride It can be helpful for English learners to view the basic conjugations of a verb. The table provides conjugations for ride in the present, past, and past participle tenses. Present I ride you ride he/she/it rides we ride you ride they ride Past I rode you rode he/she/it rode we rode you rode they rode Past Participle I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they (have) ridden Note that the base form is  ride, the simple past tense is rode, and the past participle is  ridden. Example Sentences of the Verb Ride Here are sentences of the  verb  ride in nearly all  tenses  including active and passive forms, as well as  conditional  and  modal  forms. The tense is indicated in bold, followed by a brief explanation of when to use the particular tense, together with three example sentences. Present Simple This is the basic present tense. Use it to indicate something that occurs in the present. He rides his motorcycle to work.They ride to work together.I like to ride my horse. Present Simple Passive Though using passive voice is not considered the best practice for writing, there are conjugations for this voice, including for the verb ride. Use this form of the passive voice to express something that is happening to or being done by someone. That horse is ridden by Tom.The mower is ridden by Joe.The bus is ridden by the passengers. Present Continuous The present continuous is used to express an ongoing action. Were riding our bikes to the park this afternoon.They are riding the horses to the track.Sally is riding her scooter. Present Continuous Passive This tense is similar to the present continuous but in passive form. The horses are being ridden by tourists at the moment.The scooter is being ridden by Sally.The horses are being ridden to the park by them. Present Perfect The present perfect connotes an  action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present. Have you ever ridden a horse?They havent ridden their scooters for years.She has ridden her bike to work for six months. Present Perfect Passive This tense is similar to the present perfect but in the passive voice. Has that horse by ridden yet?The scooters havent been ridden by them for years.The bike hasnt been ridden for months. Present Perfect Continuous This tense is used to  refer to an unspecified time between before now and now. We have been riding bikes since 9 a.m.She has been riding the open road since last night.He has been riding his scooter for the past three hours. Past Simple The past simple is, as the name implies, the simple past. It expresses an action that occurred and was completed, in the past. He rode his bike to work last week.She rode her scooter to work.The passenger rode in the car. Past Simple Passive This tense is the same as the simple past but in the passive voice. That motorcycle was ridden by Elvis.The scooter was ridden by her.The horse was ridden by the equestrian competitor. Past Continuous The past continuous shows that an ongoing  action was happening at a specific moment in the past. He was riding his bike when his cell phone rang.She was riding her scooter to work when the police officer gave her a ticket.The equestrian competitor was riding her horse when she was stopped by a fan. Past Continuous Passive As in the other tenses, the past continuous passive is the same as the past continuous but in the passive voice. The horse was being ridden by Jack when it fell.The scooter was being ridden by her when a policeman stopped her.The bike was being ridden by him when his cell phone rang. Past Perfect The past perfect refers to something that occurred in the past before another action in the past. They had already ridden the horse before they bought it.She had already ridden the scooter before she got into an accident.He had already ridden the bike when he got a flat. Past Perfect Passive This tense is the same as the past perfect but in the passive voice. The horse had been ridden before it was sold.The bike had been ridden before its tire went flat.The scooter had already been ridden when it was in an accident. Past Perfect Continuous This tense expresses  something that started in the  past  and continued until another event happened, also in the  past. They had been riding for two hours when the accident happened.She had been riding for an hour before she received a ticket.The competitor had been riding for two months before her first fan approached her. Future The future tense expresses something that will happen in the future. She will ride her bike to work.He will ride with the other passengers.The competitor will ride the horse at the nationals. Future   passive The future passive expresses a future action but in the passive voice. That horse will be ridden by the queen.The scooter will be ridden by her.The bike will be ridden by the commuter. Future Continuous This tense expresses an action that will start and continue in the future. This time next week we will be riding our motorcycles down the highway on holiday.By next year, we will all be riding scooters to work.By the time I get to Phoenix, Ill be riding a train. Future Perfect The future perfect expresses an action that starts and finishes at some point in the future. She will have ridden all the horses in the stable by the end of the month.The commuters will have ridden the scooters to work 100 times by the end of the year.By the time I get to Phoenix, I will have ridden for 66 hours. Future Possibility The future possibility expresses something that might happen in the future. She might ride Lucky.The gambler might break even.The commuter might save time if he takes a different route. Real Conditional The real conditional expresses uncertainty about whether an action will occur. If she rides her motorcycle, she will change her clothes.If he commutes by bike, he will save money.If the jockey rides the horse Affirmed, he will win the race. Present Modal Modal verbs are  auxiliary (helping) verbs that  express ability, possibility, permission, or obligation. The present modal expresses these things in the present. She should ride that horse.I may ride that scooter.She might get a ticket if she rides too fast. Past Modal The past modal is similar to the present modal but in the past tense. She cant have ridden her bike!I might have ridden that scooter, but Im not sure.She might have ridden to fast before receiving a moving violation. Quiz: Conjugate with Ride Use the verb to ride to conjugate the following sentences. The quiz answers are listed below. In some cases, more than one answer may be correct. That horse _____ by Tom._____ you ever _____ a horse?He _____ his bike when his cell phone rang.She _____ her motorcycle to work next week.If she _____ her motorcycle, she will change her clothes.He _____ his bike to work last week.That motorcycle _____ by Elvis!He _____ his motorcycle to work.We _____ bikes since nine this morning.If she _____ her motorcycle, she will change her clothes. Quiz Answers is riddenHave riddenwas ridingis going to rideridesrodewas riddenrideshave been ridingrides

An Analysis of Walt Whitmans Song of Myself

Analysis of Walt Whitman's My Own Song Whitman is always asking questions. He believes the purpose and cause of life is a mystery. He is surrounded by people who draw a line between good and evil and refuses what is not a holy direct vote in the universe. Unlike modern people, Whitman encompasses everything. His mystical perception of the world has caused the idea that God can be found in all and he can never be fully understood. Walt Whitman's article on My Own Song explains Walt Whitman's My Own Song about Julia Kristeva's Fallen Theory. The importance of corruption This negative, imminent and unpleasant thing arises from Whitman's view of rebuilding the concept of sublime material that can cause sublime moments. - From time to time, humans must ask questions: what constitutes actions and determines the type of interaction that we show around others? My own commentary is the way the modern world doubts the value of the facade. The novel also doubts what we know as insignificant lik e seeing the cat we are sleeping on our stomach and looking at the clouds in the sky It was. Analysis of Walt Whitman's My Own Song Whitman is always asking questions. He believes the purpose and cause of life is a mystery. He is surrounded by people who draw a line between good and evil and refuses what is not a holy direct vote in the universe. Unlike modern people, Whitman encompasses everything. - Walt Whitman is considered to be the most important American democratic poet of his time. Not only does he accept it completely, I believe America's democracy is not just a political regime but a lifestyle (Casale 48). Many of his personal experiences influenced his deep democratic views (48). As a volunteer at a military hospital during the American Civil War he saw a lot of death and thanked the opportunity offered by the US government more and more (Mirsky)

The Space Shuttle Challenger disaster Assignment - 1

The Space Shuttle Challenger disaster - Assignment Example In this paper, the author describes and comments on the various aspects of the accident. First, the author describes the events leading to the explosion. Next is a discussion of the main causes of the accident. Next, the author describes the steps that could have been taken to avert the accident. After that, a description of the prevailing culture within NASA is provided, accompanied with a discussion of how that culture might have impacted the decisions of NASA engineers and staff. The author then comments on the management of NASA and how the institution implements its systems and procedures. Finally, the author sums up the main points of the paper. Initially, Challenger had been scheduled to launch from the Kennedy Space Centre (KSC) in Florida on January 22 at 14:42 Eastern Standard Time (EST). However, the launch did not happen as had been planned due to delays in the preceding mission, STS-61-C(McConnel, 1986). Consequently, Challenger launched was pushed forward to January 23 then January 24. The launch was once more moved to January 25 owing to unfavourable weather conditions at the Transoceanic Abort Landing (TAL) centre in Dakar, Senegal. NASA decide to use Casablanca as an alternative TAL, but because it lacked facilities for night landings, the launch was once more rescheduled for the morning of January 26, Florida time. Then, it was predicted that the weather at KSC would be unfavourable, so the lift-off was moved to January 27 at 9:37 EST. Again, the launch failed to take off due to problems registered in the exterior access hatch. By the time engineers solved the problems, the wind speed had increases substantially such that a launch was impossible. It was under these circumstances that the launch eventually happened on January 28, even though weather forecasts had predicted an unusually cold morning with temperatures close to -10C, the lowest possible temperature at which a launch may happen.

Enhancing the Patient Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Enhancing the Patient Experience - Essay Example Due to space imitation, the paper will focus only on the challenges that were experienced during the case study discussed, and not on the treatment. Different studies have revealed that person-centred care not only gives psychological satisfaction to patients, but also helps the nurses to gain psychological satisfaction in their job, as person-centred care not only makes easy their ‘job’, but also provides certain sense of spiritual meaning and depth to the process of caring. The Case Study The case study included in this paper is of a teenage female client who was recommended by her school for counseling and therapy. The physical examination of the client had revealed that the client was severely overweight and was suffering from obesity related problems. Her academic performance had gone down drastically in last six months, and she was becoming emotionally and psychologically distant from her peers and teachers. However, the decision to send her for counseling was take n when her parents approached the school regarding her performance and expressed worries over her behaviour problems. The method used to understand the client was personal interview. Six sessions of interview were conducted with the client. It was found that she was suffering from low self-esteem and insecurity. ... The client’s eating pattern was related to the emotional insecurity and unfulfilled needs. Hence, it was very necessary to adopt a person-centred approach to gain her confidence and faith. Person-centred approach is one of the most effective approaches in care. According to Ford and McCormack (2000), â€Å"in order to provide person-centred care, practitioners must acquire knowledge about the person which allows them to provide care and services that are compatible with individual’s values and which are, as such, highly valued† (Clarke, Hanson and Ross 2003, p.697). However, understanding the values of a person is not an easy task. There were many challenges that were experienced during the journey of the treatment process. Interestingly, the challenges started right from the beginning of the treatment as the first challenge was faced when I had to understand the core values of my client. Building mutual trust Communication between nurse and patient is an importa nt aspect of a successful treatment. However, communication is possible only when the patient trusts the nurse and believes that the details of his personal life will remain confidential. Hence, in order to encourage my client to open up emotionally, it was necessary for me to gain her trust. It was important to assure her that I was not going to judge her in any way, but understood her point of view completely. It has been observed that due to differing interpretation of illness and related conditions, the mutual trust between the nurse and the patient, which is necessary for good communication, cannot be developed (Sartain, Clarke and Heyman 2000, p. 913). Mutual trust can be enhanced by accessing and resolving the difference in patient’s and service provider’s interpretation of the medical

Euthanasia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Euthanasia - Essay Example According to my survey, it is apparent that quite a number of people have little understanding of euthanasia and are adamant to embrace the practice. In an attempt to elucidate the opinion of the people and evaluate their propositions about euthanasia, a survey was done. The survey targeted twenty respondents who were required to answer fifteen questions based on the topic of euthanasia. To prevent any inconveniences to the respondents, the survey took approximately ten to fifteen minutes per respondent. The questions were framed in such a manner that one question led to a more deeper and specific question. The responses were brief, most of them having yes/no questions, while some required some brief explanations. No personal data was supposed to be provided in the survey forms in order to protect their confidentiality. The questions were brief, simple and clear so that the respondent clearly understands what the questions involved. Majority of the people interviewed have some basic understanding of euthanasia. Fourteen out of the twenty respondents could distinguish euthanasia and assisted suicide. The reasons given by the respondents about the differences were justifiable, a situation that demonstrated that they understood some aspects of the practice. The basis of assisted suicide as revealed by most of the respondents relates to a person wishing to die. In addition, it is not done to escape a painful and incurable situation. True to the fact that euthanasia is a controversial issue, most of the respondents believe that the practice is not ethically justifiable, nobody among the group stood for the ethical justification. However, lack of experience in having people who were willing to be euthanized among majority of the respondents revealed that, they didn’t really comprehend the magnitude of the situation facing these people. Only two among the twenty had an experience with an individual willing to be euthanized. Euthanasia is one of the practices th at are common in the media. A whooping majority, seventeen out of twenty respondents confessed having never heard or read about the practice in the media. This presents the situation as minor, because if it were a major issue many would have read about euthanasia in the print media and heard through the electronic media. Euthanasia does not appear to be one of the emerging issues neither is it a problem that has been given a lot of attention. However, the fact that a few individuals have heard and read about the practice is enough evidence to reveal that Euthanasia is not any strange around us. Death and pain are resented aspects according the findings of the survey. The majority of the people was of the opinion that life is extremely important and should be protected at all costs. A substantial majority of the people said they would prefer having a person who helps another in committing suicide be prosecuted. In addition, they would not support a death sentence for such an offender but they supported the argument of the legal system handling the case appropriately. However, considering the sensitivity of the cases presented, a majority are of the opinion that euthanasia should be made legal in some cases. This proves the understanding of the people about euthanasia and the opinion they have towards unbearable pain and

Fern Hill: Literary Analysis

Fern Hill: Literary Analysis Time is a weary thing, but it is also a beautiful thing. It also slow, yet fast and moments and experiences sometimes are severely lacking in appreciation because of an inattentive and inpatient eye. All of the aforementioned are the hallmarks of youth, children and adolescents alike lean more to living in the present, not appreciating life as a whole. When this fact comes to light, it is often too late and all there is left to do is to reminisce and regret, miss and yearn for the days of yore. Unfortunately, this is what middle and old age frequently is. These topics are explored greatly in Fern Hill, it is filled with metaphors and biblical allusions, and the poem itself bears a striking resemblance to life itself. In the first stanza, the setting of Fern Hill is established and since it is the beginning of the poem; it mirrors the beginning of life: youth. Now as I was young and easy under the apple boughs / About the lilting house and happy as the grass was green / The night above the dingle starry, Here, the tone is a rather happy and carefree tone, not unlike the majority of the poem. Alliteration is used rather well here, it gives the poem a rhythm and a sense of movement, and this echoes the progression of life. The house is personified as if it is singing, giving the speakers youth a merry feeling, he/she is happy and like the grass, he/she is still young and full of life. It is only the beginning. The word order is a bit odd for the third line, normally, it would be The starry night above the dingle, but here, the words are switched. This is used to give more rhythm to the line, it further contributes to the building motion of the poem. The next few lines continue to be joyful and happy, it personifies time as a being, God perhaps. Time let me hail and climb / Golden in the heydays of his eyes, / And honoured among wagons I was prince of the apple town In the first line, its as though Time is letting the young one be young and enjoy its youth, not out of obligation or what not, but out of kindness and compassion. Time understands that time is limited and that youthfulness doesnt last forever. This is further supported by the third line in which it is personified and is referred to as a he. Another possible reference to God, as God is kind and merciful; Time is here as well. Not only that, but Time seems to be also watching the young one, letting him be free and young. The youth is so great, that the speaker even refers to himself as a prince. It doesnt come off as callousness or as pride, just a genuine belief that he was mighty and powerful in the heydays of his youth. The youth is so great, that the speaker even refers to himself as a prince. It doesnt come off as callousness or as pride, just a genuine belief that he was mighty and powerful in the heydays of his youth. And once below a time I lordly had the trees and leaves / Trail with daises and barley / Down the rivers of the windfall light The word and gets repeated twice in the span of two lines, repetition is a key theme of Fern Hill and it is not only in its content. Time is like a sequence, and and achieves this similar effect as it piles one line with the other. Assonance is present with the words trees, leaves, daises, and barley. It has a rather nice sound, and when said aloud; has a distinctive flow. Not unlike the flow of time itself perhaps. The second stanza is overall, structurally similar to the first. As with the first stanza, there nine lines in the second stanza, this is not exclusive to the first two stanza. The whole poem is composed of six stanzas each containing nine lines. These numbers are not just arbitrarily in the poem for the sake of being in the poem, it is yet another biblical allusion. This specifically being; the Book of Genesis from the Bible. The world was created by God in six days, the seventh used for rest. This is not the only allusion to Genesis as there is another one further in the poem, the Farm could be like the Garden of Eden to the Speaker. Not only is it similar in structure, but in its content as well. And I was green and carefree, famous among the barns / About the happy yard and singing as the farm was home, / In the sun that is young once only, Just as the grass was green before, the speaker is also green, he is young. Assonance is present once again, being carefree, as aforementione d is one the many hallmarks of youth. The speaker could not give a care in the world, for he is young. However, he knows that youth only comes once, and that it doesnt last forever, this foreshadows the later parts of the poem. But, for now, just as the poem remains happy, he too is happy on the farm. Once more, time is personified and is being portrayed as kind and merciful. This reinforces the allusion to God, God is watching the young one and letting him be. Time let me play and be / Golden in the mercy of his means, / And green and golden I was huntsman and herdsman, the calves The words green and golden keep getting repeated again and again, and alliteration keeps getting used again and again, the speaker is young and prosperous, this is being reinforced so much because once youth is gone, it is gone for good. The speakersis remaining in the past for this long because thats how good his youth is. He is only this prosperous because of Time or God, he knows he is at the mercy of him, Time is benevolent, but regardless; he is still at Times very whim, just as every human is. The allusion to the Bible is no longer as subtle as before, not that it was that subtle to begin with, but now it is ever more blatant. Sang to my horn, the foxes on the hills barked clear and cold, / And the Sabbath rang slowly / In the pebbles of the holy streams. The speaker was in power because of his youth perhaps, seeing as though the foxes barked at the sound of his horn singing. An alliteration is used again to portray the foxes clear bark without much emotion. This is signaling the end of youth, it is slow, but the end is near. The Sabbath is day of rest, just as God was resting on the seventh day of creation, so too will the speaker, but instead of creation; he will be resting in old age. The streams near the farm seem to be sacred, again, with the Biblical allusion. The third stanza marks a shift in tone, in content and in structure. It is significantly different than the first two stanzas; like the parallel between youthfulness and old age. All the sun long it was running, it was lovely, the hay / Fields high as the house, the tunes from the chimneys, it was air / And playing, lovely and watery The day keeps on going, however, the descriptions are beginning to be not as specific as the ones from the first stanza, they are also beginning to be dreamlike, lucid almost. Fields as high as the house, music coming from the chimney, all strange descriptions. When they are referred to as air, this comes across as a metaphor for life, fluidity and tranquility; such is youth. The speaker remembers the youth well, quite fondly in fact. Now comes the transition from day into night, youth into old age. The descriptions become even stranger. And fire green as grass. / And nightly under the simple stars / As I rode to sleep the owls were bearing the night away, Green fire is unheard of, unnatural, but strangely enough, it is natural; because is starting to drift into sleep, into old age. Instead of the natural process of time passing through sleep, the owls seem to carry the night away instead. All very surreal. Now comes the climax of the surreal, of the dream. Very unnatural thing, the night is coming to a close, just as the wake is coming. All the moon long I heard blessed among stables, the nightjars / Flying with the ricks, and the horses / Flashing into the dark. Instead of all day long in the beginning of the stanza, it is now the opposite, all night long. The stables are blessed, are personified and seem to be alive. The ricks, which are stacks of hay, are flying with nightjars; insects. The night is ending soon, as well as this dream. And the horses just vanish into thin air, becoming part of the night, with this, night draws to a close, and day begins anew; a cycle of some sorts. Now the Biblical allusions come into full swing and are no longer just allusion but are direct references, the religious overtones are present throughout the poem. And then to awake, and the farm, like a wanderer white / With the dew, come back, the cock on his shoulder: it was all / Singing, it was Adam and maiden, Day has come once more, the farm is once again personified, however, this time; the farm may be Jesus. Jesus was known to wear white, white represents holiness, goodness, purity and all things sacred. But Jesus is mostly known to be a wanderer, spreading the word of God. The speaker loves the farm so much, that it is sacred and holy. Here is the good part, Adam and Eve come into the picture, the feeling that the farm is the Garden of Eden is ever so more blatant. Just as Adam and Eve were cast out of the Garden of Eden following the act of committing the original sin, so too will the speaker be cast out of his farm, his Garden of Eden; youth. Albeit, not for any wrongdoin g, but because of the natural process. But wait, there is more! The sky gathered again / And the sun grew round that very day. /So it must have been after the birth of the simple light / The Genesis references do not end there, in the first line, it says that the sky gathered again. It just so happens that in the Book of Genesis, there is also a similar phrase: And God said, Let the water under the sky be gathered to one place, and let dry ground appear. (Book of Genesis 1) The creation of the Universe is being mirrored by the return of day, old age. The sun grew round once more, just as when God said let there be light. Creation, Adam and Eve, and the Book of Genesis are all symbols for the cycle of life in this poem and life itself. That is not all, now the animals that God created unto Eden are being referenced. In the first, spinning place, the spellbound horses walking warm / Out of the whinnying green stable / On to the fields of praise. The first spinning place is a reference to Earth, a planet that so happens to spin, it also happens to be the first one. The horses are attracted to, or rather mystified by the farm, and are coming out of the whinnying green stable. The horses are not just horses, but all the animals of Gods creation; out of his own hand. The fields of praise, are obviously a substitute for Eden. However, the fields of praise is also the farm itself, in the beginning of the poem, the farm is the subject of praise, now, and the farm is now praise itself. Such is Gods holy creation. The end is nigh, literally and figuratively. The first line of this stanza is a callback to one of the lines from the very first stanza. And honoured among foxes and pheasants by the gay house / Under the new made clouds and happy as the heart was long, / In the sun born over and over, Instead of being honoured by wagons and material things part of the physical realm, the speaker is now honoured among animals of the House of God. The house is personified, giving the house joy, such is the House of God. Creation is recent as the clouds are newly made, old age is here, but happiness remains in the heart. With the sun being born over and over again, eternal is too God and his kingdom. However, not all is well. With old age, comes regret and reminiscing. I ran my heedless ways, / My wishes raced through the house high hay / nothing I cared, at my sky blue trades, that time allows Because of the joys of youth, and the freedom that comes with it, heedlessness is also unfortunately part of youth as well. The speaker is starting to regret living life at such a fast pace and is noting that he is careless. Time only allows so much, and the time has come for the end. Time/ God is seemingly leading children into his grace through song, again, green and golden are repeated here. In all his tuneful turning so few and such good morning songs / Before the children green and golden / Follow him out of grace. The children symbolize the speakers youth, or perhaps humanitys youth as a whole. It is now time for golden years to draw to a close. Regret is still present, and is even more powerful than before. Youth is gone and old age is here to stay. Nothing I cared, in the lamb white days, that time would take me / Up to the swallow thronged loft by the shadow of my hand, / In the moon that is always rising, The sentiment of regret from before is repeated, the swallows, the loft and the hand shadow represents the speakers life, how time is carrying the speaker, but the speakers shadow is present and is ever present, looming even. Just as the sun represented youth and how it is short and temporary, the eternal rising of the moon represents old age and how old age will last much longer than youth. Even though if the speaker is sleeping, which he is not, he will hear his farm being taken way, his very youth being taken away. Nor that riding to sleep / I should hear him fly with the high fields / And wake to the farm forever fled from the childless land. The farm is still here, but it is not the same as before. It is childless, that is, without youth, it is here no longer, forever. The alliteration gives the line a swift and quick motion of this, almost as though a picture is being created. Similar to the old saying regarding youth and old age. Happy, that is what the poems tone is in the beginning. However, there is now dramatic shift in tone, it is now melancholic and regretful. The speaker is no longer swift and free-spirted, he is now chained to sadness and old age. Oh as I was young and easy in the mercy of his means, / Time held me green and dying / Though I sang in my chains like the sea. The second line reflects life, like a newborn baby, even though it is alive, it also dying at the same time. The clock of death starts ticking the very moment the heart starts beating. Ironic and cruel, but that is life.